Protein Casein Food

Protein Casein Food Report -Protein Casein Introduction: Proteins are considered as the third class of macro components of all living systems, and also that of the food stuffs .Proteins are polymers with highly complex structures and their molecular weight ranges from 10,000 to several million. The structure of protein is quite straightforward; they are made up of monomeric units called as Amino acids. These amino acids are mostly linked by a single peptide bond.The range of amino acids is highly limited in number and mostly common to all proteins. Mostly all proteins are mixtures of 20 standard amino acids. The polypeptide bonds of proteins are never branched. The uniqueness of protein lies in the diversity of variation in its structure and function. All proteins have their own sequence of amino acids of defined length. All amino acids that occur in protein have a general formula: R H2NC H COOH Proteins are generally made up of one of the four structure .They may be primary, secondary, tertiary or quaternary structure. Primary structure: They are the sequence of a chain of amino acids. Secondary protein structure: When the sequence of a chain of amino acids is linked by an amino acid. E.g. either alpha helix or pleated sheet. Tertiary protein structure: Three dimensional structure of a protein molecule formed by the spatial arrangement of the secondary structures like alpha helix and pleated sheet. Source: http://cropandsoil.oregonstate.edu/classes/css430/lecture%209-07/figure-09-03.JPG Quaternary protein structure: If a protein has more than one amino acid chain then its called quaternary protein structure. Milk proteins (casein): Milk of cow is the important source of protein for man and most importantly for children. Milk is a mixture of aqueous solution of proteins, lactose, minerals and certain vitamins which carry emulsified fat globules and casein micelles which have protein along with phosphate, citrate, and calcium. The fat removed milk is called skimmed milk. If the pH of the skim milk is reduced to 4.6 at 20C, the casein is precipitated and the residue is called whey or serum. The proportion of different casein in milk varies and so does the whey. The content of casein vary in different types of milk like in cows milk it accounts for 80% where as in human milk its just 40%. The various proportion of casein in skimmed milk is shown in the below table: Casein proteins (80%) Skimmed milk protein% ÃŽ ±-Casein 40 ÃŽ ²-Casein 24 χ-Casein 12 ÃŽ ³-Casein 4 Source: Coultate,T.P.1989.Food-The Chemistry of its Components.2nd ed.London: The Royal society of Chemistry The Greek letters that are used in casein proteins are used on basis of the protein mobility in electrophoresis. The‘s in ÃŽ ± s-casein refers to its sensitivity to precipitation by the calcium ion. Where as ÃŽ ±, ÃŽ ², χ, and ÃŽ ³ define particular protein species, it has been discovered that there are lots of different versions of each that only differ slightly in their amino acid sequences. For example, ÃŽ ± s1C casein is different from that of ÃŽ ± s1B casein by having glycine residue instead of glutamic acid residue at position 192 in the polypeptide chain. With these advancements one can even identify the breed of cow from which the sample milk was obtained by examining the proportions of these variants. Heterogeneity of caseins: Heterogeneity is seen in caseins. For example, in bovine casein there are four major types of casein .They are ÃŽ ± s1, ÃŽ ± s2, ÃŽ ² and ÃŽ º-casein. Each of these at least exhibit micro heterogeneity in one of the below reasons: Variation in the degree of phosphorylation. Variation in the degree of glycosylation in ÃŽ º-casein alone. Genetically controlled substitution in the amino acids, which results in the genetic polymorphism. Proteolysis of the indigenous proteinases. Molecular properties of casein: Casein are well characterized proteins and indeed they are quite small proteins, with a molecular mass say around 20-25kDa .Which is the main reason for their high stability. For example ÃŽ ²-casein has high level of proline say like 35 out of the 209 amino acids are proline which is equally distributed. Due to the presence of high level of proline the alpha helix, beta-sheets and beta-turns are absent. Casein are generally hydrophobic .Apart from this it is also said that caseins have very low secondary and tertiary structures .As they lack secondary structures its been told that they are very flexible and unstable which makes it ‘rheomorphic'(they are so flexible in solution that they can adopt any structure dictated by the environment).The lack of stable secondary and tertiary structures also make them stable against denaturing agents like heat and urea. This latter property also confers good foaming and emulsifying property on casein. This also makes casein readily susceptible to proteolysis. These properties of casein make them unique in dietary applications like in that of cheese ripening etc. Properties of the principal caseins in cows milk: protein molecular mass Amino acids proline residues cysteine residues PO4 group concentration(g/L) glycoprotein genetic variants ÃŽ ± s1 -casein 23164 199 17 0 8 10 no A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H ÃŽ ± s2-Casein 25388 207 10 2 10 2.6 no A, B, C, D ÃŽ ²-casein 23983 209 35 0 5 9.3 no A1, A2, A3, B, C, D, E, F, G ÃŽ º-casein 19038 169 20 2 1 10.3 yes A, B, C, E, FS, FI, GS, GS Table2: Properties of caseins present in cows Milk. Source:Yada, Rickey Yoshio,  1954-, Proteins in food processing ,pg29-62,Knovel firm Role of casein in dairy products: In western countries, Dairy products account for about 30% of the daily dietary energy, lipids and protein. And even some of the vitamins are also got from dairy products like riboflavin and vitamin B12.Minerals also come into this list, followed by calcium it is also estimated that 80% of calcium is obtained from dairy products. Some of the functions of caseins in dairy products are given below: Pasteurized liquid milk Appearance, heat stability, mouth feel and flavor. fermented milks Gel formation, mouth feel, flavor, syneresis of the gel and rheology Creams Emulsion stability, rheology (body) and whippability. ice creams Emulsion stability, rheology (body) and whippability Milk powders wettability , dispersibility,solubility,flavor,color and other uses which depend upon the end use of the product Cheese texture, body and other rheological properties; functional properties such as meltability, stretchability, sliceability, adhesiveness, water-binding Properties; (off-) flavors. Coultate, T.P. Food-the Chemistry of Its Components. second ed. london: The Royal society of Chemistry 1989 The precipitation of casein is the basic process involved in cheese making .In case of yogurt and some cottage cheese the precipitation is brought up by low pH. Functional food properties of casein (dairy products): Functional food is nothing but if a food ingredient or food provides some kind of health benefit which doesnt include the traditional nutrient it contains then it can be called as a functional food. Some of the common functional food characteristics of dairy products are Anti-microbial including control of gut micro flora, Anti-viral, Binding of E coli and cholera enter toxins, Anti-cancer, Immunomodulation, Anti-oxidative, Opioid effects Retard osteoporosis. The bioactive peptides of casein are responsible for most of these functional properties like Casein glycomacropeptide which is responsible in Cancer Prevention, Immunomodulation, Diet Suppression, and Cardiovascular Effects (cholesterol reduction). Fractionation of casein: Its possible to fractionate whole casein into its component proteins from 1940 but it is limited to laboratory .It is done by exploiting the difference in solubility in the solution of urea pH4.6 or cacl2 .Its is also done by various chromatography methods but unfortunately none of these methods are suitable for industrial scale production of individual casein. But there is a huge scope or opportunity for this because: The Beta casein has high surface activity hence they can be used has good emulsifying or good foaming agents. Human milk contains beta casein and k-casein .Alpha casein is almost absent in human milk hence the beta casein will be an attractive ingredient of bovine milk based infant formulae. As k-casein is responsible for the stability of the casein micelle it can be used in some of the milk products. Latest discoveries have revealed that fortification of milk with Beta-casein improves cheese making properties. One of the successful methods of separation of beta casein is from skimmed milk by using rennet. source:http://classes.ansci.uiuc.edu/ansc438/Milkcompsynth/milkcomp_protein.html source:http://classes.ansci.uiuc.edu/ansc438/Milkcompsynth/milkcomp_protein.html The Casein micelle The Casein in milk exist as colloidal particles of 50-500nm, which are called as casein micelles. The casein micelles of milk are roughly spherical particles. Milk has about 1015 micelles dm-3.A casein micelle contain approximately about 2104 casein molecules. Of all structure models slattery and evards model comes near to accounting all the observed properties of casein. According to them micelle is an aggregate of sub micelles each consisting of 25-30 molecules of all types of casein in roughly similar proportions to those in milk as a whole. Figure : A casein micelle; A: a submicelle; B: protruding chain; C: Calcium phosphate; D: ÃŽ º-casein; E: phosphate groups Source: www.food-info.net/uk/protein/milk.htm Casein micelles are stable to: -Compaction-Pellet that was recovered from ultracentrifugation can be readily redispersed. -Homogenization at normal or high pressure -Also to high Ca2+ concentrations, up to 200mM, at temperatures upto 50C However number things can destabilize, redisperse or affect the casein micelle hence they are usually destabilsed in certain food products like cheese etc. Conclusion: As its clear that casein has a great potential as a functional food more research should be carried out in this field. More studies should be undertaken in bioactive peptides of casein which are released by the enzymatic hydrolysis which have a huge role in cancer prevention, cardiovascular disease prevention etc.As they are good emulsifying and foaming agents they can be extensively used in food industry. Reference: Milk Proteins. Wageningen University, http://www.food-info.net/uk/protein/milk.htm http://209.85.141.104/search?q=cache:uIjin-nhDmIJ:www.uft-plovdiv.bg/bg/Functional%2520Dairy%2520Foods.doc+functional+food+and+caseinhl=enct=clnkcd=17gl=auclient=firefox-a. Coultate, T.P. Food-the Chemistry of Its Components. second ed. london: The Royal society of Chemistry 1989 Harper, W. James. Functional Aspects of Dairy Foods , 2003. Yada, Rickey Yoshio. Proteins in Food Processing. Place Published, 1954. Hurley, Walter L. Milk Composition Proteins. http://classes.ansci.uiuc.edu/ansc438/Milkcompsynth/milkcomp_protein.html. 7. Cropandsoil.oregonstate.edu/classes/css430/lecture%209-07/figure-09- 03.JPG

The Woman With No Name in Monte Hellmans The Shooting :: Film Movie Shooting Hellman Essays

The Woman With No Name in Monte Hellman's The Shooting Works Cited Missing Generally forgotten by critics, and classified as alternately a cult classic and a B-movie (in reference to both its budget and its reception), Monte Hellman's The Shooting is a film worth revisiting. At a remote camp in the middle of the desert, a Woman With No Name arrives to hire two men to lead her to the town of Kingsley, days after one of the camp members was shot dead and another ran away. On their descent into the scorching desert, it becomes apparent that the Woman has misled her employees as a hired gun joins their party and they continue their journey, it would seem, to execute somebody. The Woman from time to time physically leads the pack, and is always deliberately in control of their actions. She is granted much agency in terms of both plot, and cinematic structure, frequently, for instance, holding a position in the frame physically over the men in order to deliver a command. She enacts the ability to do, without being done to, resorting to a performance of femininity /desirability at times to do her bidding. A textual analysis of the scene in which the childlike Coley is ordered by the Woman With No Name to stay behind in the blistering sun reveals a unique style with which Hellman plays with the conventions of the Western and the utilization of the gaze to question gender roles and authority. Open the Sequence Storyboard in a new browser window. The scene in question opens with an image (shot 1 in the storyboard) atypical in a film coded as a Western: two men riding together atop the same horse, as one critic points out, "jogging listlessly in a limbo without perspectives" (Strick, 50). At the heart of the scene is the metaphor central to this opening shot; that of male instability, masculinity in crisis. Coley has given his horse to the Woman With No Name and rides on the back of Gashsade's steed out of necessity. He has given up his means of transport, his agency. Without his horse, Coley lacks mobility in the narrative and his position as a male is challenged. The male body is celebrated in the Western with "the phallic image of a man on horseback, sitting high above the ground, upright and superior, gazing down at a world whose gaze he in turn solicits" (Mitchell, 167).

Rohingya

Rohigya are Muslim ethnic group in northern Rakhine state located in western Burma now known as Myanmar and Rohingya minority in Burma also. Violence and oppression of the Rohingya population in Myanmar has shocked the world with a massive killer Rohingya in Myanmar. The issue of ethnic cleansing is the main cause of violence and repression carried out on ethnic Rohingya in Myanmar. ? In 1982, the Muslim Rohingya suddenly declared as foreigners in their own country. ? They suppress by law â€Å"Burma Citizenship Law of 1982† that discriminate against Rohingya ethnic and religious nature of their citizenship is not recognized. The need for citizenship in Myanmar is not specified for the Rohingya. Rohingya people as a minority community in Myanmar caused them to be considered â€Å"illegal Bengalis† and hated by the majority of people in Burma. ? For a pro-democracy group, they consider the Rohingya is a liar and the group intended to kill all the Rohingya in Myanmar. Thi s is because they are laughing at black people from the Indian subcontinent. Violence and oppression of Myanmar Rohingya cause by disputes and discrimination between both Islam and Buddhism. ? Muslim Rohingya supported by Buddhist monks, but they do not accept immigrants.They give harsh treatment to women and children who ousted Rohingya people outside the temple and not given food and drink. ? children were denied the right to education and Muslim women are not allowed to veil, and one of them is to prevent discrimination and rape. ? Muslims are not allowed to perform the pilgrimage and perform the sacrificial slaughter at al-Adha. These conditions restrict them to live as independently Muslims. ? In addition, the right medicine at the hospital and clinic denies Muslim Rohingya where they charged treatment is too expensive.Violence and repression carried out on ethnic Rohingya in Myanmar have a great impact on all ethnic Rohingya as human rights violations.  ¬ incident of extorti on against Rohingya Muslims, accused of human rights because they impose arbitrary taxes such as land seizures, forced evictions, destruction of houses and finances marriage restrictions. ?  ¬ It is also used as forced labor for the construction of roads and military camps. Abused forced labor by the Myanmar military regime continues to commit death sentence, torture and rape brutal action.Part of the Rohingya forced to work without pay for infrastructure projects in Myanmar economy. Another effect of extortion against the Muslim Rohingya, all ethnic people living in this suffering in their own country. Some of the 100,000 Rohingya people killed by the regime Myanmar brutal action. Between suffering; – The destruction of the mosque taken out and replaced with Buddhist pagoda – Weddings and any union movement restricted and exercised only in Burma military agreement. – Arrest, torture and rape of women. – Compulsion to renounce Islam and forced to conver t to Buddhism. Not allowed to possess any firearms or knives. – Not allowed to own any means of communication such as mobile phones. Will be arrested and jailed for seven years if it is. Results from disputes involving Rohingya persecution in Myanmar, half a million Rohingya Muslims who survived the brutal acts Myanmar regime had become refugees housed in refugee camps in Bangladesh, Thailand, and Pakistan. In addition, dozens of Rohingya refugees in the refugee camps located in Kutupalong and persuade Bazaar in Bangladesh live in very poor conditions for Bangladesh authorities do not provide any assistance to them.Rohingya refugees living in difficulty as not to have any financial resources, accommodation, food and clothing. Violence and repression carried out on ethnic Rohingya in Myanmar has violated the human rights of ethnic Rohingya. Many innocent human lives Rohingya have died from violence and persecution of Rohingya without any help from many quarters, including the Association of the United Nations (UN). The world community will need to provide a rational public debate on the future to help and defend the fate of ethnic Rohingya in Myanmar on human rights policy.

The Population Reference Bureau ( Prb ) - 1143 Words

With an ever-growing population, more water is demanded every single year. Every day I see multiple pregnant women, and I think to myself, what will the world be like in the future for all of these children? The Population Reference Bureau (PRB) has an article on the growth of the world’s population and how it is growing faster than ever before. The PRB states, â€Å"The growth rate of 1.2 percent between 2000 and 2005, when applied to the world s 6.5 billion population in 2005, yields an annual increase of about 78 million people.† (â€Å"Human Population:...†). This may not sound like a lot, but it equates to nearly 214,000 babies born globally each day. That’s an immense amount of people consuming clean water and causing more waste. Asia has held nearly sixty-percent of the world’s population since the 1800’s, and it is predicted to stay there through the year 2050 (â€Å"Human Population:...†). 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