Teen Smoking Education And Prevention Essay - 3239 Words

1 Teen Smoking: Education and Prevention Teen Smoking: Education and Prevention Virginia Western Community College Jessica Baise Assessment Public Health Problem Tobacco use usually begins during youth and young adulthood. Every day in the United States, more than 3,800 youth under the age of eighteen smoke their first cigarette. (Preventing Tobacco Use Among Youth and Young Adults , n.d.) The progress of smoking occasionally to smoking every day is due to the highly addictive drug called nicotine. There are several reasons why teens start smoking and they are unaware of the issues or problems it may cause. The younger you start smoking the more likely you are to use tobacco for a prolonged period of time. Nearly 4.7 million middle and high school students were current tobacco users in 2015. (The Office of Adolescent Health , n.d.) Tobacco use in young adults has declined considerably in the last 40 years, nearly 1 in 17 high school students were a daily smoker in 2015. (The Office of Adolescent Health , n.d.) From 2011 to 2015, current cigarette smoking declined among middle and high school students. (Youth and Tobacco Use , n.d.) About 2 of every 100 middle school students (2.3%) reported in 2015 that they smoked cigarettes in the past 30 days, a decrease from 4.3% in 2011. (Youth and Tobacco Use , n.d.) About 9 of every 100 high school students (9.3%) reported in 2015 that they smoked cigarettes in past 30 days, a decrease from 15.8% in 2011. (Youth andShow MoreRelatedTeen Smoking : Education And Prevention1146 Words   |  5 Pages Teen Smoking: Education and Prevention Virginia Western Community College Jessica Baise Assessment Public Health Problem Tobacco use usually begins during youth and young adulthood. Every day in the United States, more than 3,800 youth under the age of eighteen smoke their first cigarette. (Preventing Tobacco Use Among Youth and Young Adults , n.d.) The progress of smoking occasionally to smoking every day is due to the highly addictive drug called nicotine. There are several reasonsRead MoreTobacco Smoking1372 Words   |  6 PagesSmoking is an activity that has been around for many years for people to use and adapt into their lifestyle. It is a tool that many people use to help reduce the stresses of life and put them in a comfortable position that enables them to cope with the hectic lifestyle they are living. However, smoking has been scientifically proven to cause many types of cancer, the most common being lung cancer resulting in numerous deaths across the United States. According to WHO (World Health Organization),Read MoreDrug Abuse Resistance Education Program981 Words   |  4 Pagesdrug-f ree life. This education program is called Drug Abuse Resistance Education Program (D.A.R.E.) This program uses law enforcement officers to educate students from kindergarten to 12th grade about saying no to drugs and gang violence. It is the most widely used school based program in our country that focuses on helping tackle down this problem. However, between 1983 and 2009, scientific studies showed that this program was ineffective in reducing the use of drugs in teens. Back in 1994, TheRead MoreTeenage Moms That Are Still In High School Get Pregnant1391 Words   |  6 Pagestheir child. There were just under a quarter million pregnancies in women ages fifteen to nineteen in 2014. About eighty-five percent of these pregnancies are unplanned, which in any population can increase the risk for problems. The biggest risk for teen mothers is delaying prenatal care or worse, about seven percent received no care at all. According to CDC, In 2014, almost 250,000 babies were born to women aged 15–19 years, for a birth rate of 24.2 per 1,000 women in this age group. This is anotherRead MoreTeen Pregnancy Issues And How It Affects Our Teens And Their Children814 Words   |  4 PagesAn assessment of Teen Pregnancy Issues Tasha Arlen HUMS 390 Tracey Rollins May 1, 2015 Abstract Through this paper I will explain teen pregnancy issues and how it affects our teens and their children. I will discuss the physical/ emotional, medical and financial strain placed on teenage parents. Teen pregnancy can affect everyone in different ways. I will also so explain some programs to help with teen pregnancy. An assessment of Teen Pregnancy Issues For manyRead MoreSubstance Abuse : A Public Health Problem Among American Children And Adolescents1561 Words   |  7 Pagessome type of alcoholic beverage in the past month and more than one in five engaging in binge drinking in the past two weeks. Tobacco is not much of an issue as it was in the past with the rates declining. Only one in ten adolescents have reported smoking in the past month. Illicit drug use is a growing problem in the US. By the twelfth grade, nearly half of all students have tried illicit drugs with marijuana being the most used but also include prescription drug use and aerosols (The Office of AdolescentRead MoreThe Dangers of Smoking1037 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"Every day, approximately 4,800 young people between the ages of 11 and 17 will smoke their first cigarette. Of these, almost half will become regular smokers† (Wagner, 60). Many teens do not fear the consequences of using tobacco. They view their use of tobacco as temporary and easily re solvable. Unfortunately, the nicotine in tobacco products is highly addictive, which makes quitting challenging. When and if they finally quit, the consequences to their health have already taken its toll. Read MorePrenatal Care For Young Women Essay1082 Words   |  5 Pagesdue to an unexpected pregnancy, not being educated on what to do, or not having resources to get care. Prenatal care is very important to a child’s early development. Prenatal care can mean several things like cutting back on caffeine and stopping smoking. It can also mean soon after conception beginning to care for yourself and the baby as well as starting to schedule regular checkups with a doctor. Healthy People 2020 wants to help mothers, infants and children achieve optimal preconception healthRead MoreA History of Tobacco and Smoking in America1174 Words   |  5 Pages Every year cigarette smoking is responsible for 500,000 premature deaths (Nugel), you do not want to be just another statistic, do you? America’s first cash crop was tobacco. That means that tobacco has been around for a really long time. It was not until 1865, though, that cigarettes were sold commercially. They were sold to soldiers at the end of the Civil War (Dowshen). From then, cigarettes spread like wildfire, and it was not until 1964 that anyone made a stand about the negative effectsRead MoreDrug Of Drug And Drug Abuse1538 Words   |  7 Pagesthe drug war of the 1900s, drugs have been a major problem in today’s society. â€Å"Use of drugs such as opium, morphine, and other byproducts were common in twentieth century America† (Dobkin, 1998). While most students in standard high school drug education know about the use of coca leaves in Coca-Cola and the opium trade in China, drug addiction during the century is much more expansive than recognized. â₠¬Å"It is estimated that by 1975, there were about 550,000 users of addictive drugs in the U.S† (Lee

Police Brutality And The Law Enforcement - 1925 Words

Police Brutality The duties of law enforcement involve looking after the American people. As the Los Angeles Police Department puts it, it is the police’s duty to â€Å"Protect and Serve† the community. As Americans, we should expect to be able to rely on local police to solve our problems and bring peace and stability to society. Yet, as current events have shown, these promises are not always fulfilled. Since the late 1960s, America has begun to grow from a racially segregated nation, into one of unity and equality. Today there is no doubt that immense progress has been made, however events involving our law enforcement and minorities has seemed to halt such progress. Police brutality continues to be a major issue nationwide with the†¦show more content†¦Recently, the public has begun to once again rise up against such heinous crimes that seem to hail from an era before civil rights. Police brutality notoriously rose during the 1990s. The most guilty of this was the Los Angeles Police Department. After the introduction of crack cocaine plagued the streets of American cities, Los Angeles took the initiative of upgrading its CRASH Unit (Community Resources Against Street Hoodlums). By April 1988, nearly 1,567 minorities were arrested on just one weekend, yet about 10% of these arrests actually led to felony convictions. By 1998, the CRASH unit was embroiled once again in a scandal known as the Rampart Scandal. More than seventy officers assigned to the Rampart Division were accused of strong police misconduct. These officers were accused of targeting minorities and planting evidence on these victims, framing them to higher their positions in the LAPD. (Source #3) In the middle of all this, one case would implant the image of police brutality to all Americans for years to come. On March 4, 1991, an African-American man named Rodney King had been drinking earlier in the night and was on his way home, speeding on the highway which brought attention to an officer stationed there and proceed to pursue King. After attempting to outrun police, King was eventually cornered by police. What would be expected to be a quick arrest after being pulled over quickly turned brutal. As King exited

Challenges in Cardiovascular Nursing Care and Interventions

Question: Discuss the challenges in cardiovascular nursing care and interventions. Answer: Introduction Cardiovascular diseases or CVD are the diseases that occur in the heart or blood vessels of the human body. During the past 2 decades, the prevalence of CVD and stroke has increased and accelerated in low- and middle- income countries that currently bear the major burden of these chronic conditions. Although a myriad of both modifiable and immutable factors contribute to the worldwide epidemic of CVD and stroke, accumulated data clearly underscore the important role of life course prevention. (White, 2007). The American Heart Association (AHA) and the World Health Organization recognize the key role that nurses and other team members play in supporting the goal to reduce death and disability from CVD. This paper will enlighten the issues arising in the nursing interventions for treating cardiovascular diseases in the Hazel Hawkins Memorial Hospital, California. Main analysis of the paper In the Hazel Hawkins Memorial Hospital, it has been observed that the cardiovascular diseases are not being treated properly by the nurses. It is the role and responsibility of the nurses to implement beneficial nursing techniques that will promote the health conditions of the patients facing cardiovascular diseases (Taylor, 2008). But it is perceived that the nurses in the aforesaid hospital are not properly trained and educated regarding how to cure the concerned diseases such as Stroke, Cerebrovascular Disease, Congenital Heart Disease, Congestive Heart Failure, Myocarditis, Valve Disease, Coronary Artery Disease, Dilated Cardiomyopathy, Diastolic Dysfunction, Endocarditis, Hypertension, etc. Also they are sometimes very rude and impolite which makes the patients de-motivated and as a result they fail to recover properly. Cardiovascular nurses play a pivotal role in helping the patients to recover from their illnesses as fast as possible. These patients are very much prone to stresses and anxiety. Proper evaluation and monitoring of the patients health conditions is required for reducing their health related stress. But in the above mentioned hospital, the nurses have shown immense neglect towards the patients suffering from cardiovascular diseases. They are not efficient enough to handle these patients (Mohrman Heller, 2010). They show rigidness in their tones while dealing with the patients and so the latter do not feel comfortable to share their problems and issues with the nurses. Also it has been observed that the nurses are not quite well educated regarding the use of the machineries related to the treatment of the cardiovascular diseases. Angiography process is also not well implemented in the hospital and as such the patients health conditions considerably deteriorate. These loopholes in the care treatment of the patients with cardiovascular diseases have tended to decline their health conditions and often lead to sudden death. Cardiovascular nursing affects a large number of patients. A session on fear in cardiovascular patients have evaluated that fear is a positive coping strategy or negative emotional status thereby considering how fear and anxiety can lead to delays in seeking treatment, and the relationship between fear and inflammation, which is associated with worse outcomes. Due to such improper nursing interventions, they lack in their abilities to deliver effective care treatment, medication and care support to the patients and thus they become stressed and anxious. This anxiety and over-stress leads the patients to hypertension and thereby causes serious health problems (McCabe Field, 2000). Not only that, these drawbacks or issues highlighted in the care interventions and implementations for cardiovascular diseases led to decrease the efficacy and reputation of the Hazel Hawkins Memorial Hospital. The quality of the care treatment provided has decreased thereby causing the patient death rate to extensively increase. Heart problems, or cardiac problems, have been the leading cause of death throughout the world for decades. The American Heart Association (AHA) has even estimated that approximately a third of all deaths in 2007 in the United States alone were caused by cardiovascular disease. This problem is quite major and to avoid such issue in the future, the cardiovascular nurses need to make a definite care plan and strategy which will enable them to provide optimum care treatment to the patients (Carpenito, 2009). Recent research findings suggest that morbidity and mortality in cardiac patients can be improved with a comprehensive treatment plan which has a Nurse Managed Stress Reduction Plan. Randomised controlled trials can also be implemented for the benefit of the hospital for secondary prevention of Coronary Heart Disease. Advanced Practice Nurse is in an ideal position to assess predictors of noncompliance as well as to implement interventions to enhance patient compliance in cardiovasc ular care. Cardiovascular Nurses play a very important role at different levels, like, the technical level, where the nurses carry out diagnostic examinations and risk assessments; psychological level where the nurse informs, acts as a health counsellor and helps in the patient self care process. Conclusion and proposed solutions In order to treat the patients with cardiovascular diseases, nurses play a vital role. Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a major cause of morbidity and premature mortality in women and men worldwide. Nursing interventions in such cases should aim to enhance patient tolerance by supporting the balance between oxygen supply and demand promoting physiologic adaptation to prevent complications associated with hypoxia such as Cardiac Dysrhythmias, Hypotension and Cardiac Arrest. Nursing interventions can provide for appropriate preoperative and postoperative interventions in such cases. Recognizing the individuals and collective contributions that nurses have made in CVD and stroke prevention and the promise of empowering nurses as global cardiovascular leaders, the Preventive Cardiovascular Nurses Association (PCNA) initiated the Global Cardiovascular Nursing Leadership Forum (GCNLF) to promote their health standards in the Hazel Hawkins Memorial Hospital. References Andrews, M. Boyle, J. (2008).Transcultural concepts in nursing care. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams Wilkins. Carpenito, L. (2009).Nursing care plans documentation. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams Wilkins. McCabe, P. Field, T. (2000).Stress, coping, and cardiovascular disease. Mahwah, N.J.: L. Erlbaum Associates. Mohrman, D. Heller, L. (2010).Cardiovascular physiology. New York: McGraw-Hill Medical. Taylor, C. (2008).Fundamentals of nursing. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams Wilkins. White, W. (2007).Blood pressure monitoring in cardiovsacular medicine and therapeutics. Totowa, N.J.: Humana Press.

Cultural Differences and Conflicts in Tourism a Case Study of Dubai Essay Sample free essay sample

Culture determines human behavior and shows differences on how people do things and receive universe. Peoples are non consciously cognizant of their civilization before they come across foreign civilization. Foreign civilization set state of affairss where people feel uncomfortable which helps them to understand cultural differences. Elementss bring forthing cultural differences are such as linguistic communication. faith and economic sciences ( Reisinger A ; Turner. 2003 ) . Two societies and their civilizations are brought together by touristry which is called guest-host relationship. Three types of brushs are identified between host and invitee: tourer buying goods or services from host. being side by side for illustration on the beach and being face-to-face in order to alter information or thoughts. The greater the differences between economic. cultural and societal factors are between tourers and local people. the more likely the relationship will be more unequal and less balanced. Trouble in relationship between host and invitee is normally arisen from the deficiency of cognition. We will write a custom essay sample on Cultural Differences and Conflicts in Tourism: a Case Study of Dubai Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page apprehension or sensitiveness from tourists’ side to local civilization and imposts ( Sharpley. 1999 ) . Conflicts between civilizations happen at the interpersonal and structural degree even when tourers are hedonic Sun searcher in their environmental bubble. Conflicts are created from cultural differences that lead to differences in interactive behaviors and misinterpretations in reading ( Reisinger A ; Turner. 2003 ) . Tourists bring their ain imposts and wonts to the finish and seldom are cognizant of the cultural daze they cause for the locals. Particularly in poorer states the image of Western tourers can be based on unreal tv-shows which cause outlooks to be excessively high and consequence to resentment ( Dluzewska. 2008 ) As there are different civilizations the outlooks and significances of regulations besides differ across civilizations. Rules that are accepted in one civilization may non be in another civilization. This can do to misinterpretations and misinterpreting of the regulations in other civilization. This frequently leads to troubles in interaction with hosts. create confusion. bring forth tenseness and struggles. Interrupting the regulations in the finish is common amongst tourers either because they ignore them or they are incognizant of them ( Reisinger A ; Turner. 2003: 139 ) . Case survey of Dubai Cultural struggles are likely to go on in Country like United Arab Emirates because of the Western tourers and Muslim hosts have such noticeable cultural differences. Many Muslim states feel that Westernised tourers are acting intolerably and incompatible with Islamic faith and manner of life. Legislation in the finish can differ tremendously from tourists’ ain state and this cause conflicts because of tourists’ unknowingness or ignorance. Dubai is Muslim state and it follows Islamic Torahs. As Islam is the official faith it is out to knock or administer any stuff against the faith. It is out to rehearse any signifier of other faith besides Islam in public countries. During the holy month of Ramadan it is out to eat public from dawn to sunset. so dining must be done in hotel. Besides knocking any of the seven emirates’ governing households is prohibited. In Dubai you can acquire sentence of imprisonment from homosexualism. personal businesss outside matrimony. poisoning and caressing in public topographic points. Besides public dance is out and there are rigorous ordinances about dressing in different topographic points. Abusive linguistic communication and indecorous dressing can take into problems with the governments. Alcohol can be used merely in definite countries so except these countries it is out to be intoxicated. Besides travelers who make way station are expected to obey these Torahs. Serious misconduct can take to be convicted to decease punishment. Dluzewska’s research shows that there are differences on the degree of cognition that travelers have about the cultural norms in Dubai. The highest degree of cognition was amongst USA and the biggest going states from Europe such as United Kingdom. Germany and France. Some interviewees in this survey did non believe some mentioned regulations and were under the feeling that if they would make something inappropriate so people would indicate out their error before acquiring into problem. The cognition is non merely based on nationality but for illustration the type of vacation seemed to hold large influence. Mass tourers normally were ill educated and were non cognizant of the societal norms due to this they besides caused more disfunctions. whereas backpackers and sole tourers had higher degree of cognition and caused less disfunction ( Dluzewska. 2008 ) . Shoping promenades have postings to advice to the appropriate behavior. In Abu Dhabi constabulary has started to give local decency guidelines to tourers. These sorts of actions could diminish tourists’ deficiency of cognition.

Sample Essay on Frederick Douglass - How to Find and Use One Online

Sample Essay on Frederick Douglass - How to Find and Use One OnlineYou can find a sample essay on Frederick Douglass on the Internet. Some are educational, while others are more entertaining and may be worth your time. If you do not want to spend time writing your own essay on Frederick Douglass, then you should look into these resources.This sample essay can be used by students as a tool for high school and college essay writing. It will help students gain an understanding of how to plan their writing and how to structure their essays. The format of this essay is simple and it does not require extensive research. This essay will not include terms like 'freedom'rights' and it will not include essays that have been edited. It is also written in a fairly chronological manner, which is a good thing because many students find this easier to read than lengthy works on history.When learning English grammar, it is important to learn about the different ways that words are spelled. There are many spellings, especially among some of the better known terms. The term freedom can be spelled with either 'and'ff.' The word 'rights' can be spelled with either 'r's.'Students who are writing their essays online need to remember that if they are going to take the time to learn about the spelling of these terms, they will need to go back and look at the term in print. This is especially true when they are writing about famous people. Some examples of famous people who have had their works changed due to spelling mistakes include Bruce Springsteen, the TV show Survivor, and Washington Redskins quarterback Robert Griffin III. In most cases, it is important to write about topics that are relevant to the topic at hand.Writing a sample essay on Frederick Douglass can be a great thing to do for students who want to improve their writing skills. By creating an essay on Douglass, they can learn to use less information and connect the content to the major theme of the assignment. As a tea cher, this can be a valuable tool for students to make sure that their essays are well-written and they can be integrated into the content of the assignment.Of course, you do not have to learn about a famous person in order to write an original work. By taking a look at other history books, you can learn about famous people without actually writing an essay on them. What a student writes about can make a difference in the way that their essays are read. By getting out of the traditional format of essay writing, students can focus on the important issues that they want to talk about and do not have to worry about how to relate their essay to others.If you have a hard time remembering what it is that you want to talk about in a book or article, you should consider doing a sample essay on Frederick Douglass. By simply reading a biography, you can get an understanding of what topics to use in your essay and can see how it might be effective.

The implications of downsizing to the employees, communities and families of the employees

Introduction Downsizing is a corporate practice that many employees are concerned about. This process can be described as a practice whereby firms reduce the number of employees and the scope of their business in order to achieve improved service and financial performance (Baumol, Blinder, Wolff, 2003).Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on The implications of downsizing to the employees, communities and families of the employees specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Many companies lay off their employees due to a variety of reasons that may include the following: when the service of an employee is no longer required owing to technology upgrade; an internal shift in the requirements of the organization; restructuring; a change in financial fortunes, etc. Downsizing is a common practice in the corporate world, especially in times of financial hardships. For instance, in 2007, during the global financial crisis, close t o one million employees were laid off in the United States (Bain Company, 2010). The impact of downsizing is felt hardest by the departing employees as well as their families and the community in general. This paper seeks to establish the effects of downsizing to the employees, communities and the families of the employees. The paper will also discuss the current or future applications and relevance of downsizing. Effects of Downsizing on Dismissed Employees Losing a job impacts significantly on any employee. Though the effects are mostly negative, there can be one or two positive consequences that come with losing a job. Positive effects It’s rare for anyone to benefit if he/she has been a victim of organizational job cuts. Normally, success or failure following a job dismissal will depend on an individual’s preparedness and the availability of other opportunities. All employees who lose their jobs through downsizing are often compensated, especially if the employmen t contract provides a severance pay policy (Baumol, Blinder, Wolff, 2003). There are rules and guidelines which organizations are required to abide by when downsizing.Advertising Looking for term paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More These include the provision of an early notice and the severance pay. Receiving a severance pay can be positive for some employees as it can enable them to boost their savings or fund their own business ventures (Mroczkowski Hanaoka, 1998). It’s depressing for a worker to hear that he/she will be laid off. However, this fact presents other opportunities which the employee might not have considered. Several organizations assist departing employees to secure alternative employment. Therefore, a dismissed employee may land a job that offers better pay and working conditions (Baumol, Blinder, Wolff, 2003). Negative effects As stated earlier, the negative effects of lo sing a job far outweigh the positive effects. The negative impacts can be broadly categorized into the psychological and financial effects. Most employees get shocked when learn about their sacking. Initial emotional reactions may include bitterness and anger towards the company. There are several other psychological effects that may come along the way. These effects commonly include depression, increased anxiety and subjective perceptions of incompetence (Mellahi Wilkinson, 2004). Job loss is also associated with increased incidences of suicide, risk of alcohol abuse and violent behavior (Tyler Wilkinson, 2007). Individuals who are downsized often develop negative views towards the administration and politics in general. They blame governments and the capitalistic systems of economy, and generally give pessimistic views on the economy (Cascio, 2002). Job loss almost always results into negative financial impacts on the dismissed employee. People construct their lifestyles based o n the regular income they receive (Mellahi Wilkinson, 2004). Some commit themselves to pay mortgages and other debts that are deducted on monthly basis. Losing a regular means of income can be financially devastating for an individual, especially if he/she cannot secure another job in the short term. The severance pay provided by the company might not last more than two months and therefore cannot effectively cushion a downsized employee.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on The implications of downsizing to the employees, communities and families of the employees specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In some cases, one can find himself/herself in a job that offers a lower pay and he/she is forced to change his/her lifestyle to accommodate the lower earnings. According to the data provided previously, more than 65% of people who lost their jobs through downsizing report being paid lower than what they were being pai d in their previous employment (Tyler Wilkinson, 2007). And many of them find new work in temporary or part time arrangements. Effects of Downsizing on Employee’s Families and the Community in General The impacts of downsizing are often felt beyond the dismissed person. His/her family and the larger community are subject the ripple effects of downsizing. An individual’s family may go through similar physical and psychological experiences as the downsized individual. These effects can be broadly classified as financial, social, and psychological effects. Effects of downsizing on the employee’s family The family of an individual who has lost his/her job may not be able to continue with the same lifestyle they had before. They are forced to cut their spending to accommodate themselves to the new reality. The family might be forced to forego some privileges they previously enjoyed. If the situation is not solved in the short term, the family may find it hard to mee t their basic needs. Job loss through downsizing can be socially devastating for the victim’s family. The family might be required to vacate their current home and look for a cheaper house elsewhere. Sometimes it reaches a point where one cannot pay rent or mortgage a house. For some people it may imply losing home through eviction or foreclosure. A family that finds itself in this situation may find it hard to survive. Finding a new house offers many social challenges which may include finding new friends and getting children to new unfamiliar schools. Changing schools negatively impacts children’s academic performance due to the fact that they are forced to abandon the educational setting that they are familiar with.Advertising Looking for term paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Families that have no emergency savings usually suffer the most. Basic things like food usually turn into luxuries that they can barely afford. As a result, many families address welfares associations to get money for food and other basic requirements (Tyler Wilkinson, 2007). The psychological effects are far much overwhelming as compared to the financial and social effects. Normally, the family members may go through anger, anxiety and bitterness that might accompany loss of employment. The tension that is built up due to anxiety causes a lot of friction in the family setup. Several studies have shown that loss of employment has contributed to the rise in divorce incidences (Mellahi Wilkinson, 2004). The reason for that is such families tend to quarrel and argue more. Other psychological impacts of downsizing that affect the entire family include low self-esteem, stigma, the feeling of being isolated, and depression (Cascio, 2002). The psychological effects may give rise to real health issues in the affected families. However, there are families that work through the difficulties and come out as a stronger unit. This normally depends on how the family members communicate during that period. Effects of downsizing on the community in general The economic effects of downsizing are not limited to the dismissed individuals and their families alone. Jobs usually provide â€Å"stability for individuals, their families and the communities they belong to. Salaries of the employed usually flow back to the community when they buy goods and services† (Hossfeld, Legerton, Dumas, Keuster, 2005). When mass layoffs are carried out, particularly in times of economic hardships, the effects tend to be felt throughout the community. A study carried out in Robeson County, NC, to identify the effects of loss of employment on the community, established that the loss of employment due to loss of manufacturing activity caused far reaching economic implications to the Robeso n community (Appendix 1). In times of widespread economic problems like the global financial crisis, many companies downsize to better manage their resources. When a significant number of employees lose their jobs as a result of widespread downsizings, the ripple effects are felt in the community. Other sectors, particularly the service sector, will register decreased profits as a result of reduced spending by their clients. Layoffs also increase the existing level of unemployment in the community. The unemployed members of the community usually find it hard to meet their basic needs. Studies have shown a high incidence of poor health in the unemployed. This includes disease such as diabetes, pneumonia, bronchitis, influenza, and other specific chronic illnesses (Sahdev, 2003). Children who are born in families with parents who have lost their employment are likely to have long-term educational and social problems (Mroczkowski Hanaoka, 1998). The family stress that is associated wi th the loss of employment has been identified as a major cause of behavioral problems in their children (Hossfeld, Legerton, Dumas, Keuster, 2005). Loss of work through downsizing and other causes also results into social divisions. In most cases, the less fortunate in the society are contempt to live less affluent older industrial areas. Effects of downsizing on the remaining employee’s morale Downsizing has been known to impact negatively on the morale of the remaining employees. Most employees acquire friends and mentors among people at their place of work. Such close people might be affected during a downsizing activity. The remaining employees may be affected in a number of ways that will impact his/her confidence levels, interpersonal relationships, and perception of job security (Sahdev, 2003). In today’s society, many people are spending more time with their coworkers as compared with their families. Many employees are usually heartbroken to see their coworker s sacked (Sahdev, 2003). Downsizing impacts heavily on the sense of familiarity and the support networks developed by employees (Sahdev, 2003). The trust that had existed between different sections of the company will need redevelopment. Apart from loosing key friends and colleagues, downsizing will cause fear among employees. The remaining employees may feel that they will be targeted in the next round of downsizing. Studies indicate that downsizings usually happen in waves, as the management experiments and gauges the effect. The fear that one might be targeted in the next round of downsizing affects his/her productivity. Such employees may begin to consider other options that are available to them even before they are laid off. Downsizing also affects the employee’s confidence in the employer. Most companies fire people when things are not working as expected. While the company may cease further downsizing, workers will be aware that other measures will be instituted to cu t spending. They might be subjected to pay cuts, lower allowances, and reduction of business trips among other cost cutting measures (Sahdev, 2003). This may result in a less motivated work force. Relevance of Downsizing as Measured by the Objectives Many companies usually find it necessary to reduce their work force in order to survive through hard times and achieve improved efficiency. However, studies indicate that the stated objectives of retention are rarely achieved by the organizations that indulge in the practice (Mroczkowski Hanaoka, 1998). A study conducted by Wyatt found that only a third of the 1,005 corporations included in the study, had gained from layoffs (Tyler Wilkinson, 2007). Less than a third part gained higher than what they had anticipated, while four out of five had to hire again to refill the vacant positions left after downsizing. Indeed downsizing only serves as a short term reprieve for the company. In the long term most companies are not able to show a ny gains from previous downsizing strategies. Some of the issues that affect companies after downsizing have been described above under the effects on the morale of the employees. The adverse effects associated with corporate downsizing can be partly related to the focus on the outgoing employees rather than those who remain back. Managers tend to concentrate on offering counseling, training and other support services to the laid off staff. While there is no doubt that the laid off staff need such services, it should not be done at the expense of the remaining employees, who are equally affected (Baumol, Blinder, Wolff, 2003). The effects of downsizing on the morale of the remaining employees have been discussed earlier in this paper. Companies that carry out downsizing should rethink the strategy because it is least likely to improve efficiency (Tyler Wilkinson, 2007). The practice only results into great psychological and physical suffering of the affected employees and their fa milies. Thus, firms should develop other strategies of dealing with short term financial problems rather than indulge downsizing activities. Many studies have shown that sacking is a practice that is negatively viewed both from inside and outside the organizations (Cascio, 2002). Conclusion This paper sought to establish the effects of downsizing on the employees, communities, and the families of the employees. The paper also aimed to discuss the current or future applications and relevance of downsizing. It has been established that downsizing impacts negatively on dismissed employees, their families, and the community in general. The effects are mainly economic, social, and psychological. The practice also negatively impacts on the remaining workforce and the reputation of the organization that indulges it. According to the findings of many research studies, downsizing is not that relevant as it does not serve the intended purpose in most cases and only creates a lot of suffering for the dismissed employees and their families. The practice has contributed to a significant level of rebellion against capitalism in several areas of the world (Mellahi Wilkinson, 2004). Downsizing should only be carried out in justifiable circumstances such as technology upgrade or major change in company’s operations. References Bain Company. (2010). Downsizing. Retrieved from Management Tools: https://www.bain.com/insights/management-tools-2011-downsizing Baumol, W., Blinder, A., Wolff, E. N. (2003). Downsizin in America:Reality, Causes  and Consequences. New York: Russell Sage Foundation. Cascio, F. W. (2002). Strategies for responsible restructuring. Academy of Management  Executive , 16(1): 80-91. Hossfeld, L., Legerton, M., Dumas, C., Keuster, G. (2005). The Economic and Social  Impact of Job Loss In Robeson County North Carolina 1993-2003. Lumberton:Center for Community Action. Mellahi, K., Wilkinson, A. (2004). Downsizing and Innovation Output: A Review of  literature and Research Propositions. London: British Academy of Management. Mroczkowski, T., Hanaoka, M. (1998). Effective downsizing strategies in Japan and America: Is there a convergence of employment practices? Academy of  Management Review , 22(1): 226-56. Sahdev, K. (2003). ‘Survivors’ reactions to downsizing. Human Resource Management  Journal , 13(4): 56–74. Tyler, M., Wilkinson, A. (2007). The Tyranny of Corporate Slenderness.  Understanding Organizations Anorexically, Work, Employment and Society , 21: 537-549. Appendix Appendix 1: Impact of loss of employment in Robeson County This term paper on The implications of downsizing to the employees, communities and families of the employees was written and submitted by user Adam D. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Facebook’s Initial Public Offering The WritePass Journal

Facebook’s Initial Public Offering The reasons for Facebook to go public Facebook’s Initial Public Offering ). It is clear that Facebook’s decision to go public through an initial public offering (IPO) was not the same as the common reasons of firms when they undertake the same decision, which is to draw more revenues (Palmiter, 2008). However, in the long run, Facebook also aimed to access external financing as a result of IPO (Sloan, 2012). The reasons for companies to go public beyond their need for more money are enhanced financial condition, ability to cash out, improved corporate reputation, and improved opportunity for future acquisition (Peng, 2012). The dollar objective of every company in relation to the amount expected to be raised via IPO The dollar objectives of companies entering IPOs for increased revenue purposes are to develop reserves and increase external funds (Vedavalli, 2007; Sullivan, 2007), access capital (Dana, 2004; Ernst and Hacker, 2012), improve financial condition, increase shareholder value, and improve capital to sustain growth (Ernst and Hacker, 2012). In Facebook’s case, its stock price dwindled as there were concerns about its overpriced IPO and long-term business outlook and lost around $ 25 billion in value (Kuratko, 2012). The expected use of the money raised by IPO One expected use of the money raised by IPO is retiring from debt, in which, it is necessary to pay close attention to the company’s financial data and overall growth prospects. Another is enjoyment of the proceeds by the owners of the shares, especially for the sale of secondary shares. Moreover, sold primary shares (newly created shares) from an IPO increase revenue to the companies’ accounts (Khurshed, 2011). In the case of Facebook, the company raised a large amount of money, which has amounted to $ 18 billion. In actuality, there was no increase in the number of shares it sold to the public; instead, most of the new shares were from Zuckerberg, and such was considered not a good sign (Khurshed, 2011). References Dana, L. (2004) Handbook of research on international entrepreneurship. Glos, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing Ltd. Ernst, D. and Hacker, J. (2012). Applied international corporate finance. Berlin: Verlag Franz Vahlen GmbH. Khurshed, A. (2011). Initial public offerings: The mechanics and performance of IPOs. First Edition. Hampshire: Harriman House Ltd. Kuratko, D. F. (2012) Entrepreneurship: Theory, process, practice. NJ: John Wiley Sons. Peng, M. W. (2012). Global strategy. Mason, OH: Cengage Learning. Sloan, P. (2012). Three reasons Facebook has to go public. Retrieved on December 3, 2013 from http://news.cnet.com/8301-1023_3-57368449-93/three-reasons-facebook-has-to-go-public/ Sullivan, L. R. (2007). Historical dictionary of the People’s Republic of China. Maryland: A Scarecrow Press, Inc. Vedavalli, R. (2007). Energy for development: Twenty-first century challenges of reform and liberalization in developing countries. London: Anthem Press.